One of the things that I include in my syllabus is a list of class policies. The policies include evrything from adhereing to the dress code to policies on missed exams and assignments. That way, students know what is expected. Also, in my course outline, I list every class date, and the activity that we will be doing on that date. This includes chapters covered, and exam dates. That way, students know exactly when the exam date is and what is being covered on the exam. This eliminates the excuse that they "did not know we were having an exam." Students knowing what is expected of them shifts the responsibility on them on not on the instructor. Ruth Armstrong